VOLUME
23 | NUMBER 4
| FOURTH QUARTER 2002
I N N O V
A T I O N S
Innovator Shaping Memory Metal Solutions for Industry
By:
Kirk Richardson — Wah Chang
Just down a city street, little more than a deep drive away
from where Barry Bonds drops baseballs in the San Francisco
Bay, sits an old brick building that was once a can factory.
Today the two-blocks-long building is home to a hash of businesses,
including an educational endeavor, a photographer (see his
accompanying pictures), an aromatic coffee house, and as incongruous
as its neighbors, Intrinsic Devices, manufacturer of shape
memory alloy products for fastening, sealing, and electrical
interconnection. Oddly enough, metals returned to the old
factory in the form of nickel-titanium and other alloys as
complex as the old tin vegetable cans were simple.
The Bay Area fog has peeled away this morning as Tom Borden,
President of Intrinsic Devices, steps out in front of his
office and makes a beeline for the building’s barista
and a hot cup of coffee. He explains that he formed his company
in 1994, buying the fastener portion of the business from
Raychem, his former employer. “Once you work with shape
memory, it gets into your blood,” says Borden, who was
first introduced to Nitinol (or Nickel Titanium Naval Ordnance
Laboratory) at Raychem Corporation in 1981. “The biggest
problem that we ever had is that the technology is so open-ended,
there are so many possible applications that you didn’t
know what to work on,” he says.
Intrinsic Devices’
Tom Borden (right) and Mike DeLuca (left) utilize
custom heat treatment equipment to control Nitinol properties.
Some ideas were a little far fetched, like the one proposed
by a bejeweled visitor from Las Vegas. “He had an engine
that produced 50,000 horsepower that could fit in the palm
of your hand, and he needed shape memory to make it better.”
Hmm. Other applications were slightly more plausible, according
to Borden, like the distiller who came to the company in search
of a method to attach a one-way valve for its bottles. “The
idea was to prevent counterfeiters from refilling the bottles
with a substitute (liquor) after the bottle was finished.”
According to Borden, lots of money was spent before the application
vaporized.
Though they’re still contacted with inventive ideas
by overly creative minds, Borden and Co. have settled into
a comfortable niche, selling fastening, sealing, and other
devices to industries ranging from aerospace to oil. He says
that it suits him well... that it allows him to concentrate
his efforts.
“We’re trying to focus as much as we can on having
generic products that multiple customers could use as fasteners
for multiple applications,” says Borden. He likens his
fasteners to generic nuts and bolts. “It could be used
anywhere for you name it,” he says. “It’s
a screw that, instead of applying an axial force, applies
a radial force. It can be used just about anywhere.”
Borden points out that word of his fasteners wide-ranging
applicability has spread and the company has experienced steady
growth, adding new customers at a comfortable pace. But he
also confesses to spending so much attention to manufacturing
that some of his growth initiatives are still just that. It
doesn’t seem to bother him a whole lot. “We’ve
really focused on delivering on-time, with high quality,”
he says matter of factly.
Intrinsic Devices obtains quality Nitinol and other alloys
(6 in. - 1 1/2 in. OD) from Wah Chang, which the innovator
uses as is or works down to even smaller diameter bar and
wire. “We’ve got several different processing
routes for end product: machining, grinding, forging, forming
and welding,” says Borden. One of his company’s
shape memory tension rod products follows the machining route.
“We machine the rods at a short length and then, at
a controlled temperature, stretch them,” he explains.
“Our customer builds them into his device. Later when
the rods are heated above 110ºC, they contract to their memory
length, performing a locking function.” According to
Borden, the typical amount of shrinkage that would be specified
is “on the order of 5%.” He says that the market
for these tension rods has potential, but is cautious with
his predictions. “Our whole philosophy is just bait
a lot of hooks, and get ’em in the water,” he
laughs, “but what that (application) is actually going
to turn into, I have no idea.”
What is a “known” is Intrinsic Devices’
flagship product, the UniLok® ring, which the company
touts as offering new ways to join and seal cylindrical components.
If machining Nitinol devices like tension rods is difficult,
transforming bar and wire into fasteners and seals isn’t
any easier. Borden, a “Lord of Rings” in his own
right, says that typically the steps include fabricating a
ring shape, heat treating it, then performing any surface
finishing or coating operations. The final major step is deformation
from the memory shape. “All of the heat shrinkable rings
that we make have been expanded first,” he explains.
According to company literature, “nickel-titanium rings
shrink 4.5% in diameter when heated. Once shrunk, UniLok®
rings apply a uniform gripping pressure that is seamless,
powerful, consistent, and permanent. The gripping force can
be set between 220 N (50 lb) and 130 kN (30,000 lb) by choice
of the ring dimensions. UniLok® rings can clamp a holder
to a delicate optical lens or swage a fitting onto a pipe
to seal 400 bar (6000 psi).” Intrinsic Devices claims
that “no other fastener system provides seamless radial
pressure over these force levels with comparable radial close-up.”
The company touts other benefits that its fasteners offer
over conventional techniques such as crimping, welding, adhesives,
elastic assembly, and threaded fasteners:
• Operator insensitive assembly
• Low installation temperature
• Joining and sealing of dissimilar materials
• Verification of correct installation
• Repeatability
• Seamless clamping pressure
• Immunity to vibration, shock, and thermal cycling
• Chemical resistance
• Rotary balance
The multitude of applications for Unilok® rings includes
hermetic sealing, where they are used to swage thin-walled
metal cups onto headers. Intrinsic’s rings are able
to join dissimilar materials like aluminum and Kovar®,
a decisive advantage in this application. This is possible
since the UniLok® ring impales the cup on a sealing feature
on the header, flowing metal to create the seal. Since the
ring does not relax after installation, the seal is maintained.
Intrinsic produces
Unilok® rings in an array of shapes, sizes, and alloys.
The company’s ring products are also used to attach
small diameter cable electromagnetic shielding braids to connectors
or other devices. “Metallic and polymeric braids serving
mechanical functions can also be clamped,” according
to product literature. This feature offers advantages for
applications that subject joints to thermal cycling, heat
aging, vibration, and mechanical shock. An installed UniLok®
ring has a large elastic interference with its substrate,
about 0.5%. This stored energy allows the ring to maintain
clamping pressure despite settling, creep, and differential
thermal expansion of the braid and connector.
According to the company, other applications include:
• Pipe and tube joints — where brute strength
and uniform clamping pressure are important.
• Piezoelectric, magnetic, and optical cluster assemblies
— where controlled pressure and thermal insensitivity
are often key requirements.
• Electrical interconnections — where the exceptionally
high contact closure force generated by the ring produces
a gas-tight seal between the contact surfaces, resulting in
a stable, low-resistance connection.
• Shaft-mounted components — in which Unilok®
rings can fix the location and angle of a component at any
point on the shaft (axial preload force can be locked in).
Though focus and the present are paramount, the innovative
Borden certainly isn’t limiting his options. The future
holds all kinds of possibilities. He points out that the company
is working with not one but seven different nickel-titanium
alloys. Borden lists them: “Nickel-Ti-Iron, Nickel-Ti-Niobium,
and then five different binary nickel-titanium alloys.”
One of these, NiTiNb (“It’s our Alloy H,”
he says.), is Intrinsic’s flagship alloy. The alloy
has an exceptionally wide hysteresis. Hysteresis means “a
retardation of the effect when the forces acting upon a body
are changed.”1 On heating, a shape memory alloy transforms
to its high temperature phase and returns to its memory shape
at a particular temperature. On cooling, it returns to its
low temperature phase and softens dramatically at a lower
temperature. The difference in these temperatures is the hysteresis.
“In order to provide useful clamping force, a shape
memory fastener must remain in its high temperature phase
down to the minimum operating temperature of the device, say
-55°C for an aerospace application,” according to
Borden. “For an alloy with a normal hysteresis, this
means the initial shrink temperature will be below room temperature.”
Indeed, NiTiFe UniLok® rings are shipped in liquid nitrogen
and shrink on warming to room temperature. “The wide
hysteresis of NiTiNb allows us to make fasteners that can
be shipped and handled normally, shrink on heating above room
temperature and maintain clamping force to below -55C,”
he says. The innovator sees nearly limitless possibilities.
As with its “mother product” Nitinol, the list
of uses for shape memory fasteners, seals, and devices like
the tension rod continues to swell, with no end in sight.
At the same time, the interest in shape memory devices is
exciting to Borden and challenging. His mission is to listen
carefully and ferret out ideas that will truly shape our future.
He laughs about a saying from an old engineering associate.
“His famous quote was ‘I don’t understand
how any self-respecting mechanical engineer could design something
with no moving parts,’’’ Borden chuckles.
“That’s basically what he said about this stuff.”
“Then what keeps it interesting?” asks the visitor
to the engineer. “Beats the hell out of me,” he
jokes. In college when Borden’s Department Head encouraged
him to get a PhD, he couldn’t imagine something that
he wanted to focus on, to study for five or six years. “Then,
here it is,” he laughs. He’s having the time of
his life. “It’s fascinating, and it’s fun.”
Like a true innovator once said, “it just gets in your
blood.”
For more information on Intrinsic Devices, contact the company
by phone at 415.252.5902, by fax at 541.252.1624, or by e-mail
at sales@intrinsicdevices.com.
For more information on Wah Chang’s nickel-titanium
and other specialty alloys, contact Customer Service at 541.967.6977
or visit the company’s website at alleghenytechnologies.com.
Reference
1) Webster’s New Collegiate Dictionary. G. & C.
Merriam Co.. Page 565. 1977.
Zirconium Coriolis Mass Flowmeter for Corrosive Fluids
By:
Martina Anklin & Jason Mecalfe — Endress + Hauser
Flowtec AG
In
recent decades, there has been a great deal of interest in
Coriolis mass flowmeters (CMFs). Now, CMFs are widely accepted
in many industrial fields, and the performance of CMFs have
been improved steadily. Thus, they have proven to measure
mass flow very accurately to better than 0.1% under reference
conditions. One of the advantages of CMFs is that they are
measuring directly the true mass flow, whereas other principles
are only measuring volumetric flow. The high accuracy and
rangeability of CMFs is a further reason for its fast growth
and acceptance in industry.
Although the commercially available CMFs are obtainable in
a broad variety of designs, there are only a few CMFs available
that withstand highly corrosive fluids. During a recent Corrosion
Solutions Seminar presented by Wah Chang in Birmingham (UK),
it was shown that Zirconium exhibits good performance in both
alkaline and acidic corrosive environments.
Endress+Hauser Flowtec AG chose to incorporate zirconium into
its CMF flowmeter range based on the metal’s wide application
range. This new CMF is a bent single tube mass flowmeter,
where all wetted parts are made out of Zirconium 702.
One advantage of the single tube design is that there is no
flow splitter needed compared to traditional two-tube systems;
thus, the number of wetted parts to be connected with the
process fluid are reduced to the measuring tube and process
connection. Since the tubes of the new Coriolis mass flowmeter
are slightly bent, thermal stresses are reduced, and fluid
temperatures up to 400°F (200°C) are capable, which
was not possible with the straight single-tube CMF.
Coriolis mass flowmeter
used within an HCI application: Promass H 1" (DN25) from
Endress + Hauser Flowtec AG.
Coriolis meters operate by creating a vibrating measuring
tube. In order to obtain accurate and reliable flow measurement
with a high zero point stability, the system must be balanced.
This new zirconium sensor is balanced by a patented system
called Intrinsic Tube Balance (ITB™), which allows it
to accurately measure mass flow to 0.15%. The principle of
the ITB™ is that there is a second empty tube attached
to the measuring tube, which is vibrating in counterphase.
Extra weights are added to the counter tube to balance the
system for a predefined reference density. Similar to most
single tube balancing systems, the sensor is only perfectly
balanced at the reference density. As the density differs
from the reference density, the forces and moments acting
at the flanges are increasing.
The genius of the ITB™ is that through the addition
of two rotation masses, it is possible to eliminate selectively
that part of forces and moments over a wide density range
from 0.50 to 2.00 SGU (specific gravity units), which are
critical to the instrument stability in real process conditions.
With this balancing system, the sensor has a negligible installation
sensitivity and is robust against external disturbances and
vibrations, and therefore, has a high reproducibility and
accurate measurement.
The accompanying figure shows an application with hydrochloric
acid of a 1 in. (DN25) Zirconium Coriolis Mass Flowmeter with
150# flanges. The maximum flow rate of the Promass H line
from Endress+Hauser ranges from 0-74 lb/m for a 3/8 in. (0-2
t/h for DN8) to 0-1650 lb/m for 1.5 in. (0-45 t/h for DN40).
Furthermore, there will be a 2 in. meter (DN50) for flow rates
from 0-2570 lb/m (0-70 t/h) available in early 2003. The pressure
ratings of these sensors are specified to ANSI C1 150/300,
PN40 and JIS 20K.
Further information about Endress + Hauser Flowtec AG’s
new zirconium flowmeter is available at www.endress.com.
C O R R O S I O N
. L A B
. C
H R O N I C L E S
Today's Menu: Zircadyne® Zirconium Prepared in Sulfuric
Acid
By:
Kirk Richardson — Wah Chang
It’s
another festive winter day in Albany, Oregon, and Derrill
Holmes is busy cooking up something special, though inedible,
in an old meat packing plant turned R&D facility. Not
that Holmes is a bad cook. It’s just that today's menu
calls for Wah Chang’s Senior Corrosion Engineer to immerse
six low-tin (typically 2400 ppm) Zircadyne® Zirconium
coupons in a 600 ml bath of 30% sulfuric acid at 170°C
for seven days—hardly a holiday treat.
Nonetheless, Holmes is in high spirits. He’s experimenting,
collecting data, learning. One of his chief objectives in
the sulfuric study is to find the highest temperatures, in
various concentrations of acid, at which zirconium corrodes
just 5 mils per year (a rate deemed acceptable to many chemical
engineers). He’ll plot the data for welded and un-welded
samples in the 30% sulfuric environment until he finds the
threshold, then repeat testing at higher concentrations.
The Corrosion Lab has already tested zirconium coupons in
60-70% sulfuric acid (information that will be presented at
Corrosion/NACExpo 2003). “Now we’re going down
to 30% sulfuric to widen our view of zirconium in sulfuric
acid,” Holmes says. "We want to give a complete
picture."
The Corrosion Engineer points out that good research like
this yields new questions. One such query has to do with heat
treatment. According to Holmes, some heat-treated samples
of low tin zirconium have exhibited a cream-colored oxide
layer, a precursor to breakaway oxidation (and likely corrosion).
Higher tin samples typically exhibit a black oxide layer,
which he explains, is the sign of a “healthy”
protective layer.
“We’re taking a look at heat treating low tin
(samples) at a lower temperature,” Holmes says. “Then
we’ll do corrosion tests and see if it behaves better.
It could be that we have to change heat treating for low tin,
and that's a big deal. Any time you can nail the time and
temperature (of heat treating) down, you can save fabricators
time and money.” Not to mention enhance the alloy's
corrosion resistance.
Holmes plans to discuss his corrosion performance and heat-treating
test results at Wah Chang’s fourth International Corrosion
Applications Conference next fall (September 7-12).
Derrill Holmes sets
up an autoclave for a Sulfuric Acid test.
Conference papers will have to wait though. For now, he’s
caught up in the moment. Holmes is like a master chef in his
kitchen. He carefully prepares the Teflon-lined zirconium
autoclaves. Next, the Corrosion Lab “chef” carefully
places two samples (one welded coupon, one not) in a glass
basket and dips them into the sulfuric “soup”.
When he’s finished, he carefully seals the autoclaves
with a metal collar, then places the zirconium cylinders in
heating mantles where he'll monitor them for a week.
It’s just another afternoon at Wah Chang’s Corrosion
Lab, but for Holmes it's what he really enjoys doing. “It’s
always interesting when you can provide information to a customer
right away,” he explains. Like a good chef, this Corrosion
Engineer relishes the satisfaction that his customers derive
from a job well prepared, well done.
For more information on the full palate of services available
at Wah Chang’s Corrosion Laboratory, contact testingsolutions@wahchang.com,
phone 541.967.6913, or visit our website at www.corrosionsolutions.com.
Specialty Metals in Corrosion Applications Conference
Wah
Chang is currently in the process of planning its fourth international
corrosion conference, Specialty Metals in Aqueous Corrosion
Applications, which will take place at the Coeur d’Alene
(Idaho) Resort September 7-12, 2003.
This event follows the 2001 “Corrosion Solutions”
conference that was held in Sunriver, Oregon. That conference
focused on design, fabrication, and maintenance of niobium,
tantalum, titanium, and zirconium processing equipment as
well as other important corrosion-related topics. “Corrosion
Solutions” featured 40 presentations plus several excellent
panel sessions and included keynote speeches by Mr. Brian
Fitzgerald of Exxon-Mobil Chemical and Mr. Sheldon Dean of
Air Products.
The mission of the 2003 conference is to provide industry
with the latest information concerning corrosion challenges,
materials, engineering, and fabrication issues as well as
other points of interest. Companies planning to participate
include BP Chemicals Ltd., DuPont, Rohm & Haas, and many
others. The preliminary agenda includes the following session
topics (and an optional tour):
• Corrosion Challenges
• Preventative Maintenance and Repairs
• Material Developments
• Design and Engineering
• Fabrication Advances
• Hydrometallurgy and Mineral Processing Issues
• Optional Mine Tour
In addition to a top-notch technical forum, special events
are scheduled for Monday, Wednesday, and Thursday evenings
as well as a Sunday golf scramble. This one-of-a-kind forum
also offers a lively exhibit hall, with vendors ranging from
metals producers (Allegheny Technologies Total Corrosion SolutionsSM
team) to equipment fabricators and engineering consultants.
For more information, to register, or to reserve an exhibit,
contact Sheryl Renzoni at sheryl.renzoni@wahchang.com
or 541.926.4211 ext: 6280. We hope that you will join us in
scenic Coeur d’Alene next fall!
Wah Chang's CorrosionSolutions.com
site contains abstract and technical paper templates to aid
authors preparing for the Specialty Metals in Aqueous Corrosion
Applicatons event. Links make submission of this information
just one click away. Other features include contact points
and a link to this year's venue, the beautiful Coeur d'Alene
Resort.
A N N O U N C E M E N T S
Toews Promoted as Hall Retires
Wah
Chang is pleased to announce that Katherine Toews has been
promoted to an Inside Sales position. Ms. Toews has in-depth
experience with the company, having handled a variety of administrative
and government contract sales-related tasks for 23 years.
In her new position, she will continue to work on government
contracts and will take on nuclear inside sales responsibilities
as well. “I have wanted Katherine on my team for a long
time,” says Michael Moyer, Nuclear Sales Manager. “I
am pleased that it worked out and am excited to get her involved
with the customers. I am sure that they will be pleased.”
She can be reached at katherine.toews@wahchang.com
or by phone at 541.917.6785.
In her nuclear sales role, Ms. Toews will replace Ron Hall,
who retired December 27, 2002 after 41 years of loyal service
to Wah Chang. Mr. Hall started in the Fabrications Stockroom
in June of 1960. After stints in the Production and Accounting
Departments, he joined Sales, where he worked from 1967 to
his retirement, “with the exception of a 10-month sojourn
to Eastern Oregon,” he says. “A lot of changes
have taken place (over the years), and a lot of people have
come and went, but that was what made things interesting,”
he adds, “especially the people.” Mr. Hall says
his plans include working on home projects and bowling. “I
may even take up golf again,” he laughs. In whatever
he decides to do, we wish him the best of luck. Farewell Ron.
(left) Katherine Toews.
(right) Ron Hall.
N E W S
New TiWire Info on Wah Chang Website
Wah
Chang recently upgraded its web site to include detailed information
on its Titanium Wire Division (TiWire), which (not surprisingly)
produces titanium wire and bar product lines. TiWire operates
a 55,000-square-foot facility in Frackville, Pennsylvania,
where it manufactures mill products from bar to hair-thin
wire for customers in a variety of industries, worldwide.
The facility’s custom equipment enables it to produce
large diameter bar (.510 in. to .156 in.), with tolerances
as tight as +/- .0005, as well as small diameter bar (.125
in. to .032 in.), with tolerances as close as +/- .0003.
Just of few of the many applications for TiWire’s bar
and wire include medical and dental products (e.g.: spinal
cables), aerospace products (e.g.: hitch pins), industrial
products (e.g.: weld wire), commercial products (e.g.: bicycle
parts), and chemical products (e.g.: shafts). This list continues
to grow.
For the nuts-and-bolts details (including a full list of products)
about TiWire’s bar and wire, surface-finish capabilities,
and other vital data, visit alleghenytechnologies.com and
click on the Wah Chang link under Operations. If you have
an application for titanium wire or bar and want to “cut
to the chase”, contact Sales directly at 570.874.0311.
(left) Wire spool.
(right) Annealed wire.
E V E N T S
WM'03
This
winter, Allegheny Technologies Incorporated (ATI) will be
on hand to display its corrosion resistant alloys and other
specialty metals at 29th Annual WM’03 (Waste Management)
Conference in Tucson, Arizona. The event will take place at
the Tucson Convention Center, February 23-27, 2003.
Show managers expect “over 2000 scientists, engineers,
and managers from companies and agencies throughout the world”
to attend. According to organizers, the Conference focuses
on safe management of nuclear waste. Subjects include (but
are not limited to) waste management, decommissioning, environmental
restoration, energy security, utility waste management, public
information and education, and regulatory requirements.
ATI’s display (space #908) will feature literature,
samples, representatives who can answer your technical questions,
and a few surprises. Stop by and warm up with us in Tucson
this winter.
Corrosion
2003
This
spring, the National Association of Corrosion Engineers (NACE)
is launching its 58th Annual Conference & Exposition.
Corrosion 2003, an Ocean of Opportunity, sets sail March 16-20,
2003 at the San Diego Convention Center. NACE anticipates
6,000 attendees and more than 300 booths for the exhibition.
The exhibit hall opens Monday, March 17 (5:30 to 8PM) and
continues daily (10AM to 5PM) until closing Thursday, March
20 (10AM to 2PM). Allegheny Technologies’ Total Corrosion
SolutionsSM (TCS) team will be on hand to display its wide
array of corrosion resistant metals in Booth # 636.
Representatives from Allegheny Ludlum, Allvac, and Wah Chang
will be present to answer technical questions and provide
information on the companies’ broad range of metals,
ranging from stainless steels to nickel-based and cobalt-based
alloys and superalloys, titanium and titanium alloys, specialty
steels, superstainless steels, exotic alloys, which include
zirconium, hafnium and niobium, tungsten materials and highly
engineered strip and Precision Rolled Strip® products.
San Diego Convention
Center.
Make a point of visiting us at the show, and find out about
these and other corrosion resistant alloys as well as our
technical services. We look forward to seeing you in sunny
San Diego this March.
SMST-2003
The latest International Conference on Shape Memory and Superelastic
Technologies: Engineering and Biomedical Applications (SMST-2003)
is just around the bend. The event is slated for May 4-8,
2003 at the Asilomar Conference Center in scenic Pacific Grove,
California (75 minutes from San Jose near Monterey). A Sunday
Evening Welcoming Reception begins the conference, with the
technical sessions starting on Monday morning. For those who
desire a basic grounding in shape memory fundamentals, an
optional Workshop will be held prior to the conference on
Sunday, May 4th.
The International Organization on Shape Memory and Superelastic
Technologies (SMST) is engineering a technical program that
includes information on current products, activities, and
developments. A preliminary list of topics includes:
• Shape Memory Alloy Production, Characterization, and
Processing
• Product Manufacturing and Testing
• Corrosion and Biocompatibility
• Fatigue, Fracture, and Deformation
• Finite Element Analysis and Product Design
• Medical Applications
• Non-medical Applications
• Thin Films
• Powder and Porous Materials
In addition to this solid program, Wah Chang and other exhibitors
will be on hand to offer information about their shape memory
and superelastic products and services.
Conference registration, which includes sessions, proceedings,
meals, and activities, is $845 ($695 before 2/1/03). Lodging
plans are also available with the majority of attendees staying
on the beautiful and historic Asilomar Conference Grounds.
Crocker Dining Hall
at Asilomar Conference Grounds in Pacific Grove, California.
For more information on this unique conference, check the
SMST website at www.smst.org
or contact the SMST-2003 Organizing Committee by phone at
510.623.6996, by fax at 510.353.1881, or by email at info@smst.org.
Don’t miss out on this event!
NACE
Meeting Review
On November 7, 2002, Wah Chang hosted the Portland Section
Meeting of the National Association of Corrosion Engineers.
John Hebda provided the group with an overview of the products
that Wah Chang produces. Mike Abraham and Derrill Holmes followed
Mr. Hebda's informative discussion with a presentation covering
the company’s Corrosion Laboratory. Topics included
information on the Wah Chang's ongoing corrosion testing projects,
including: The Effects of Tin in Sulfuric Acid; Niobium in
HCl; Pyrophoric Film; and an Acetic Acid Study. Information
discovered in the Sulfuric Study will be presented at the
Specialty Metals in Aqueous Corrosion Applications Conference,
September 7-12, 2003 (for further details on the conference,
see Specialty Metals in Corrosion Applications
Conference article).
Wah Chang thanks the NACE Portland Section Directors for the
chance to host its November meeting. We believe that it was
a productive afternoon and look forward to future opportunities.
LYNN DAVIS
President
PARRY WALBORN
Vice President — Commercial
GARY KNEISEL
Director of Sales
ANDY NICHOLS
Director of Marketing
KIRK RICHARDSON
Editor
Copyright ©2002 Wah Chang. All rights reserved. Reproduction
of this newsletter by any means, in whole or in part, without
written permission is prohibited by law. Outlook
is published quarterly by Wah Chang. The newsletter contains
information on reactive and refractory metals, including hafnium,
niobium, titanium, vanadium and zirconium, as well as chemicals.
The properties listed herein are average values based on laboratory
and field test data from a number of sources. They are indicative
only of the results obtained in such tests and should not
be considered as guaranteed maximums or minimums. The starburst
logo and Wah Chang are registered trademarks of ATI Properties,
Inc.
Information & Order
Contacts
Wah Chang
(headquarters)
P.O Box 460
Albany, Oregon 97321
T 541.926.4211
F 541.967.6990
www.wahchang.com
www.corrosionsolutions.com
Sales/Tech Support
T 541.967.6977
F 541.967.6994
custserv@wahchang.com
CPI Service Center — US
T 541.917.6739
F 541.924.6882
ellen.baumgartner@wahchang.com
Information on Agents/Distributors
CPI Products
T 541.967.6906
Nuclear-Grade Alloys
T 541.967.6914
Ti, V, and Nb Products
T 541.967.6977
Affiliated Companies
Allvac
PO Box 5030
Monroe North Carolina 28111-5030
T 704.289.4511
www.allvac.com
Allegheny Ludlum
500 Six PPG Place
Pittsburgh Pennsylvania 15222
T 800.258.3586
www.alleghenyludlum.com
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