VOLUME
24 | NUMBER 1
| FIRST QUARTER 2003
.
F I R S T H A N D
Wah Chang Sales Director Sold on Zirconium Knee
By:
Kirk Richardson — Wah Chang
When Gary Kneisel, Wah Chang’s Director of Sales, was
an 18-year-old with dreams of glory on the gridiron, he didn’t
spend much time contemplating what his life would be like
in 30 years. He had that sense of invincibility that seems
to come standard with youth. So, as Kneisel raced down the
Astroturf to cover a punt during a high school football game
in his hometown of Seattle, WA, he had just one thing on his
mind: wipe out the return man. But instead of smashing the
kick returner, he annihilated his left knee.
“I was able to come back later in the season; however,
I had done serious damage to my knee,” he says. Later,
“in my first year of college, I decided to have my knee
surgically repaired. The doc removed my cartilage (and) repaired
my ACL (anterior cruciate ligament) and the medial ligaments.
In the doctor’s words, the standard triple threat repair
job.”
According to Kneisel, the “triple threat” surgery
allowed him to lead an active life in his 20s and 30s. In
his 40s, that changed.
By 2000, he was having severe problems with stiffness and
pain — “to the point that when I turned in bed
at night, it would wake me up,” he recalls. “I
decided to see my primary care doctor, who referred me to
a local orthopedic surgeon.” After carefully reviewing
x-rays and a thorough examination, the surgeon had grim news:
He said, “You need a new knee,” as Kneisel remembers
it.
Historically, people in their 40s with knee problems have
to gut out the pain until later in life. “The age issue
is all about wear of the knee components, and replacement
can be a serious type of operation at 70-80 years of age,”
he says. “So the standard wisdom is to wait until you
are over 60.”
INSIDE KNEISEL'S KNEE
Oxinium® oxidized zirconium knee. The Oxinium® femoral
component (top) slides against a polythylene insert (middle)
locked in a tibial platform component (bottom). Photo courtesy
of Smith & Nephew.
So Kneisel bought time and paid dearly. “I went on medications
and shark cartilage in a glass of water,” he says. “I
also wore a wedge in my shoe to bend my leg since I was becoming
bow-legged from the wear.” Finally, the old football
injury started causing other serious problems. “Late
last year I started having problems with my hip, which was
a result of the angle and severity of the knee,” he
says.
Kneisel and his doctor agreed that it would be a good idea
to look for another solution. Searching for an answer, Kneisel
contacted medical device manufacturer Smith & Nephew,
a company that he worked with in the 1980s and 90s, applying
and selling Wah Chang alloys for various medical applications.
The implant maker helped him locate a local doctor who might
have the solution to his escalating problems.
The solution Kneisel had in mind was an application of one
of Wah Chang’s own products: zirconium. “On my
first visit, we discussed the merits of the various materials,”
he says, “and he was sold on the zirconium knee.”
Smith & Nephew’s Oxinium® oxidized zirconium
knee, introduced in 2001, is made from a zirconium alloy,
containing a small amount of niobium to enhance its strength.
Oxidation of the alloy creates a hard, ceramic surface. The
result is a material that combines the best qualities of ceramics
and metals: superior wear resistance with reduced potential
for fracture.
Kneisel scheduled surgery for July 31, 2002. ”I was
in the hospital for 3 days and spent two weeks at home,”
he says. “I could put weight on my knee the day of the
surgery. I was walking on my new knee within hours of the
operation (which took all of 75 minutes).”
Today, he looks forward to freedom from pain, but he understands
his limitations: “I will no longer run or play basketball
since the doctor wants to minimize the pounding motion to
my knee. I will be able to golf, snow ski, and play tennis.”
These days, Kneisel seems pleased that he’s a walking
testament to ATI’s specialty metals. He’s proud
of the corporation that he works for and the life-changing
products that it manufactures. “One of the great benefits
of this job is working with the people at Wah Chang and ATI
and the great things we bring to this world to make life better,”
he says. “We, at ATI, make some remarkable metals that
do make a difference”...spoken by someone with firsthand...rather
“first-knee” experience.
For more information on Smith & Nephew’s Oxinium®
oxidized zirconium knee, check out the 4th Quarter 2001 issue
of Outlook at www.alleghenytechnologies.com.
For further details about Wah Chang’s zirconium and
other metals, visit wahchang.com
or call 888.926.4211.
.
DuPont Heat Exchanger Design a Real Balancing Act
By:
Kirk Richardson — Wah Chang
The
word balance is derived from the Latin word bilanx, which
means, “having two scale pans”. The success of
recent heat exchanger designed by DuPont and fabricated by
Ellett Industries hung in this state, pivoting around a four-foot
diameter tube of material and design challenges.
Selection of the corrosion resistant alloys to build this
complex piece of replacement equipment (destined for stripper
column service at one of the chemical giant’s Gulf Coast
plants) fell to Mike James, DuPont Materials Engineering Consultant.
In making this decision, James had to find equilibrium between
corrosion resistance and life cycle costs.
“We’ve been doing field corrosion coupon testing
in this process over the years, starting back in the early
80s,” according to James. “The service is a complex
process that changes during the operating run,” he explains.
Among varying elements, the media includes large doses of
phosphoric acid, ammonium carbamates, and other ammonia compounds.
“It operates in the 150-160°C range,” he adds.
“For this process, E-BRITE® has always been the
best choice (for tubes) from a life cycle cost standpoint.”
So what exactly is E-BRITE®? It’s an alloy in the
truest sense, a specialty ferritic stainless steel that contains
a cocktail of elements, including chromium, molybdenum, nickel,
copper, manganese, phosphorus, sulfur, silicon, carbon, nitrogen,
and even a little niobium. According to manufacturer Allegheny
Ludlum, an Allegheny Technologies Company, the alloy’s
chromium (26%) and molybdenum (1%) “confer general corrosion
resistance and resistance to pitting and crevice corrosion.”
Ellett
Industries recently completed DuPont’s 36-foot long,
4-foot diameter heat exchanger, which contains 920 of Allegheny
Ludlum’s corrosion resistant E-BRITE® tubes.
In addition, the ferritic structure of E-BRITE®, combined
with controlled low levels of nickel and copper, provide resistance
to stress corrosion cracking. Ultra-low carbon and nitrogen
content, plus a controlled addition of niobium provide resistance
to intergranular corrosion and give the alloy superior ductility
when compared to conventional ferritic stainless steels.
Though DuPont’s previous heat exchanger for this application
also contained E-BRITE® tubes, the new unit posed new
challenges, including a more stringent ASME stress code. Finding
materials tough enough to withstand the severe processing
environment and meet the stiffer stress code was an impediment
to solving the puzzle.
As it turned out, the ideal materials of construction created
less than ideal teammates when welded or mechanically joined.
The biggest hurdle? The soon to be united 316 stainless steel
shell and tubesheet, duplex stainless steel baffles, and E-BRITE®
tubes had widely varying thermal expansion coefficients (TECs).
“It was quite a delicate balancing act,” remembers
Ray Broussard, the DuPont Consulting Engineer tasked with
finding a way around the design obstacles. He explains that
the materials’ different TECs and the range of operating
metal temperatures, combined with stricter ASME code requirements
from the old unit’s original design basis, made it “much
more difficult to get a flanged and flued expansion joint
to work.” Broussard points out that “the problem
was solved with a higher strength expansion joint material
(FERRALIUM® 255), which had higher allowables, that could
handle the stress induced by the differential expansion of
the tubes.”
No small effort later, Broussard prevailed, developing a workable
design, which he handed off to equipment fabricator Ellett
Industries.
David Clift, Manager of Production Engineering for Vancouver,
BC-based Ellett, was responsible for transforming DuPont’s
engineering design specification into a 36-foot long, 920-tube
heat exchanger. The usually affable engineer gets serious
when describing the effort involved in building the equipment.
“Working with E-BRITE® alloy required great care,”
he says, noting that the alloy galled when slid over 316L
stainless steel surfaces.
Ellett’s David
Clift (right) says that “everything had to be perfect”
in fabricating the atypical heat exchanger. The tube holes
[pointed out by Jim Hunt (left)] were drilled to tight tolerances.
Clift says that one of the most difficult elements in the
job was building the exchanger’s complex baffle system.
“Everything had to be perfect,” he says. “This
was not a conventional design.” The drawings called
for 76 baffle segments, comprising a relatively complex cross-baffling
system... no small feat of engineering. The 24-foot longitudinal
baffle running down the length of the exchanger “had
to be flat”, as Clift puts it, to ensure that the top
and bottom cross baffles aligned precisely. “Alignment
of the cross baffles was critical,” he says.
Clift claims that his team not only met TEMA tolerances, but
also exceeded them in some cases. He points out that the E-BRITE®
tubes have higher strengths than the supporting 316L stainless
steel tubesheets. “This presents a challenge when attempting
to produce a mechanically expanded tube to tubesheet joint,”
he says. “Tube holes were drilled to tighter than TEMA
special close fit tolerances (1.010 +/- 0.002), and a pre-production
mock-up of the proposed joint was subjected to shear load
testing.”
Fabrication complete,
the heat exchanger heads south for stripper column service
at one of DuPont’s Gulf Coast plants.
In March 2003, Ellett Industries shipped the unit to the Gulf
Coast for installation. Project team members are off working
on other challenges, but can be proud of their recent efforts.
All things considered, DuPont’s and Ellett’s successful
balancing act adds weight to the word balance well beyond
”two scale pans.”
For more information on Allegheny Ludlum’s E-BRITE®
alloy and other corrosion resistant metals, please call 800.258.3586
or visit www.alleghenytechnologies.com.
For further details about Ellett Industries capabilities,
call 604.941.8211 or visit their web site at www.ellettindustries.com.
.
Q & A
Zirconium versus H202
By:
Mike Abraham — Wah Chang
Mike
Abraham, Manager of Wah Chang’s Corrosion Laboratory,
submitted this issue’s Q&A column, which covers
zirconium in hydrogen peroxide service. Mr. Abraham’s
professional background started with service in the U.S. Navy
as a Nuclear Propulsion Engineering Officer. After a five-year
stint with computer disk manufacturer HMT Technology/Komag,
Inc., the chemical engineer joined Wah Chang in early 2001.
Mr. Abraham has been a presenter at the company’s Corrosion
Seminars and is a frequent contributor to Outlook. He can
be reached at 541.926.4211 x6521.
QUESTION:
Is
Zirconium a Smart Material Choice for Equipment in Hydrogen
Peroxide Solutions?
ANSWER:
Yes,
zirconium can be an ideal option for working safely and efficiently
with hydrogen peroxide. Hydrogen peroxide, H2O2, is one of
the most powerful oxidizing agents known and has increasingly
become an important chemical in a wide variety of manufacturing
processes. It is used as a cleaning solvent in the electronics,
pharmaceuticals and food processing industries; as a bleaching
agent for pulp and paper; and as an additive for treating
solid, liquid and gaseous wastes.
In addition to superior oxidizing power, one of the key characteristics
of H2O2 is its instability. Hydrogen peroxide naturally decomposes
to form water and oxygen. While this makes it an environmentally
appealing choice for many of the applications above, the continual
decomposition has significant disadvantages. The effectiveness
of hydrogen peroxide is considerably reduced as its concentration
decreases, and heat is also produced in the decomposition
reaction; this heat can create a tremendous safety hazard
in combination with the buildup of oxygen. Temperature, pH,
and impurity levels must be carefully controlled when handling
and storing hydrogen peroxide solutions, as each of these
variables can affect the rate of decomposition.
Zirconium is one of the few metals whose ions do not catalyze
the decomposition reaction for H2O2. Most of the equipment
materials currently used in hydrogen peroxide applications
require additional chemical stabilizers to be added to the
H2O2 to prevent its breakdown. Not only does this add the
cost of the extra chemicals themselves, it also adds impurities.
These unwanted impurities can be significantly detrimental
to the product or process streams where the tolerances for
contamination are extremely low, such as in the semiconductor
and pharmaceutical industries. This key advantage should make
zirconium an appealing alternative to the current materials
of construction.
Another benefit of using zirconium equipment in hydrogen peroxide
applications is the improved safety aspect. This can be a
very critical consideration; by reducing or eliminating decomposition
and the subsequent oxygen and heat formation, selecting zirconium
significantly lowers the risk and dangers of fires or explosions.
Zirconium also has one unique characteristic that is particularly
important in many hydrogen peroxide applications where product
color is critical: zirconium ions are colorless and will not
visually contaminate process streams or products. Last, but
definitely not least, the corrosion resistance of zirconium
in hydrogen peroxide is excellent. As shown in Table 1, zirconium
exhibits no measurable corrosion over a wide range of temperatures
and concentrations.
While H2O2 is not generally considered highly corrosive, it
can cause problems for many metals and alloys under certain
conditions, limiting their usefulness to specific pH ranges.
If there is variation in the process conditions, corrosion
of one of these materials could proceed and lead to accelerated
decomposition of the H2O2. Zirconium has excellent corrosion
resistance to hydrogen peroxide for almost all conditions
and has been successfully used in process equipment handling
H2O2 at concentrations of up to 90%, with a service life of
over ten years.
The combination of zirconium’s attributes in hydrogen
peroxide solutions makes it ideally suited for material selection
in equipment with a high ratio of metal surface area to solution
volume, such as piping systems, pumps, valves and heat exchangers,
where there is a greater risk of corrosion and the potentially
damaging consequences it can produce. When ultra high purity
H2O2 is needed, zirconium’s superior corrosion resistance
should make it the metal of choice in equipment fabrication.
The complete datasheet, “Zirconium in Hydrogen Peroxide
Applications”, is posted on our websites, www.wahchang.com
and www.corrosionsolutions.com.
Additional datasheets covering other zirconium and reactive
metal applications are also available.
.
T E C H N I C A L L Y . S P E
A K I N G
The Effect of Oxidizers on the Corrosion Resistance of Reactive
Metals
By:
Mike Abraham — Wah Chang
The
presence of oxidizing ions in solution can have a very significant
impact on the corrosion resistance of reactive metals. Understanding
how these chemical species affect the dynamics of corrosion
processes can be very important when selecting materials of
construction for plant equipment, as well as in making process
design and control decisions.
A simple definition of an oxidizer is: any chemical species
that actively promotes the oxidation of another. In aqueous
solutions, this oxidation occurs by an electrochemical reaction
involving the transfer of electrons; the oxidizers take electrons
from atoms at the surface of the base metal, leaving behind
positively-charged metal ions that fall out of the metal matrix
into solution or react to form other corrosion products. While
oxygen (O2), chlorine (Cl2), and some metal ions, such as
ferric (Fe+3) or cupric (Cu+2), can all function as oxidizers,
each affects the corrosion of reactive metals differently.
Oxygen, for example, reacts on the surface of reactive metals
to create the adherent oxide layer that is responsible for
the excellent corrosion resistance of these metals in many
harsh chemical environments.
Corrosion depends not only on the presence of any oxidizers,
but also on the behavior of the metal in the bulk solution.
The laws of thermodynamics are useful in determining when
a particular oxidizer may be beneficial to the corrosion resistance
of a specific metal and when it may lead to corrosion. Electrochemical
tests performed in the laboratory are a useful tool for this
purpose, and provide a graphical description of the corrosion
behavior for a metal in a particular chemical environment.
A key variable for making these calculations is the amount
of energy released in the oxidation reaction, which is measured
as electric potential (E). While there are other factors that
will influence whether or not corrosion will take place, the
oxidizer must be strong enough to initiate the reaction and
pull the electrons away from the base metal.
For example, Figure 1 shows the relationship of the corrosion
current or corrosion rate to the electrochemical potential
for zirconium and titanium in acidic chloride solutions; these
are called potentiodynamic scans. The difference between the
two curves can help explain why oxidizing contaminants, such
as ferric (Fe+3) ions, improve the corrosion resistance of
titanium, but are detrimental to zirconium in this type of
solution.
FIGURE 1.
Behavior of zirconium and titanium in an acidic chloride solution.
At low potentials, zirconium remains in a passive region,
with a very low corrosion current and little corrosion taking
place; titanium, however, has an active corrosion region at
low potentials, where the corrosion current reaches a maximum
prior to returning to a passive state. In both cases, the
metals exhibit a transpassive region above a threshold potential,
where the corrosion current increases rapidly. This breakdown
potential, where the protective oxide film breaks down and
corrosion occurs, is significantly higher for titanium than
it is for zirconium.
When a strong oxidizer like the ferric (Fe+3) ion is present
in the solution and the conditions are favorable, the ferric
(Fe+3) ion will react at the metal surface, gaining an electron
while being reduced into the ferrous (Fe+2) ion. This reaction
releases 0.77 volts of energy and raises the potential of
the solution.
In the case of titanium, the added energy raises the potential
into the passive region, where the oxide layer remains protective;
for zirconium, however, the potential is raised above the
breakdown potential, and corrosion occurs. The type of corrosion
that occurs is dependent on the solution chemistry and the
conditions at the zirconium surface. For hydrochloric acid
solutions below 20%, pitting is the mechanism of attack. Figure
2 shows an example of pitting in zirconium caused by an oxidizing
contaminant in a hydrochloric acid solution.
FIGURE
2. The corrosion effect of oxidizers — pitting
in zirconium.
As this example shows, oxidizers can have a major impact on
corrosion. In pure hydrochloric acid solutions, zirconium
is the material of choice at high temperatures and concentrations,
while titanium is limited in its corrosion resistance. When
strong oxidizers are present, however, zirconium is susceptible
to corrosive attack and the performance of titanium improves
significantly. Niobium is also an alternative for material
selection when oxidizers are present in hydrochloric acid
solutions, as it behaves similarly to titanium in this particular
case.
While the detrimental effects of oxidizers may be easily observed,
their presence in solution is not always apparent. Identifying
and eliminating the source of potentially harmful oxidizing
impurities is an important part of corrosion prevention. Common
sources of contamination from ferric (Fe+3) or cupric (Cu+2)
ions include the corrosion of upstream process equipment,
reaction catalysts, and the tools used in fabrication or maintenance
that are not properly cleaned or dedicated for reactive metal
use. Pickling process equipment prior to service can be an
effective preventative measure to remove oxidizing contaminants;
it also minimizes the effect of oxidizing impurities present
in solution by eliminating the preferred sites on the metal
surface where the oxidizers are most likely to attack.
The differing effects of oxidizers on the corrosion resistance
of reactive metals can be quite dramatic, as illustrated in
the previous example of zirconium and titanium in hydrochloric
acid solutions. This is just one specific case; each process
solution is unique, and the corrosion behavior of each of
the reactive metals in that solution is unique.
Laboratory and corrosion coupon testing can be helpful in
determining how a reactive metal will perform in a particular
chemical environment; with this information, intelligent decisions
can then be made to minimize or take advantage of any corrosive
effects caused by the presence of oxidizers.
For more information or to discuss a potential testing program,
visit corrosionsolutions.com or contact the Corrosion Lab
at 541.926.4211 x6521. Mr. Abraham can be reached by e-mail
at mike.abraham@wahchang.com.
.
Corrosion Applications Conference Abstract
Derrill
Holmes, Senior Corrosion Engineer at Wah Chang, will present
the following abstract as a full-length paper at the 2003
Corrosion Applications Conference in Coeur d’Alene,
Idaho, September 7-12, 2003 (see related Events article on
page 6). Mr. Holmes presentation will be one of approximately
40 technical presentations and panel sessions during this
unique event.
Tin in Zirconium 702—
effect in sulfuric acid applications
By Derrill Holmes, Wah Chang
The effect of tin content on the corrosion resistance of Zr
702 in sulfuric acid was studied. Immersion and electrochemical
tests were used to demonstrate the differences in corrosion
of behavior of typical Zr 702 (R60702), containing approximately
2400 ppm tin and low-tin Zr 702, containing approximately
1400 ppm tin.
Sample material, both welded and non-welded, was heat-treated
at 770ºC for 1 hour. Standard immersion and autoclave tests
were conducted in 20-75% sulfuric acid at elevated temperatures.
Updated 5 mpy iso-corrosion curves for welded and non-welded
zirconium in sulfuric acid will be presented. The effect of
heat treatment on corrosion resistance in sulfuric acid applications
will be discussed.
This study has defined the upper reaches of temperature and
acid concentration for efficient use of Zr 702 in processes
using sulfuric acid.
Current and potential users of the alloy may also find this
information useful. By knowing the limits of their current
production equipment and if the chemistry of the Zr 702 is
known or can be determined, process temperatures might be
pushed upward. This may allow current users to increase their
process efficiency without purchasing new equipment.
For more information on attending or exhibiting at Wah Chang’s
Fourth International Event, the 2003 Corrosion Applications
Conference, visit corrosionsolutions.com
or contact us at 541.926.4211 x6280.
.
Niobium Commemorative Celebrates 100-Year Anniversary of Wright
Brothers Feat
By:
Kirk Richardson — Wah Chang
On
December 17, 1903, Wilbur and Orville Wright, woke up in Kitty
Hawk, North Carolina determined to successfully demonstrate
an idea that they had been obsessed with since the 1890s.
The dream? ...to soar like a bird in a powered flyer. Over
the years, the two self-educated engineers had tinkered with
a number of designs in their Dayton, Ohio bicycle shop...
failing, learning, re-inventing.
By 1902, the innovative brothers were ready to test Wilbur’s
wing-warping mechanism (fine-tuned in the Wrights’ own
miniature wind tunnel) and its linked, hinged tail rudder.
The novel system proved so successful that the brothers made
hundreds of controlled flights that year, two spanning six
hundred-plus feet.
Now a year later, their flyer equipped with a homemade engine
(built by the bike shop's machinist) and a rotating wing called
a propeller, the brothers shook hands, and Orville climbed
aboard the contraption. Suddenly, the machine lurched forward,
the wing tip slipping out of Wilbur’s supporting grasp.
Roughly 45 feet down the crude runway, it lifted into the
air over Kitty Hawk’s soft sands into glider friendly
winds. One hundred and twenty feet and twelve seconds later,
Orville and the world’s first airplane touched down
unscathed. That day, the Wright brothers made three more flights,
the longest of which stretched 852 feet, and changed the world
forever.
A hundred years later, the Wright Brothers’ fascination
with air travel and spirit of discovery rages on. Allegheny
Technologies Incorporated (ATI) companies Allegheny Ludlum,
Allvac, and Wah Chang manufacture titanium and other important
metals for this century’s airplane and aerospace innovators.
ATI’s alloys are used in everything from commercial
jet wings and rivets to satellite rocket thruster cones, where
unique niobium alloys can handle the heat.
Bridging today’s modern metals with yesterday’s
great achievements, Wah Chang has created the second in a
set of commemorative coins saluting famous Firsts in Flight.
Appropriately, the 2003 collectable celebrates Wilbur and
Orville’s first powered flight at Kitty Hawk. Like 2002’s
Charles Lindbergh/Spirit of St. Louis coin, this year's commemorative
is minted from .999 pure niobium. Only 2350 Wright Flyer collectables
were struck, each encapsulated in a removable plastic capsule
and enclosed in gift box.
The Wright Brothers niobium commemorative is available for
$30 plus shipping and handling (while supplies last), or together
with last year’s Lindbergh coin (also limited to supply
on hand) for $59 plus shipping and handling. Individual Lindbergh
coins are available for $35 plus shipping and handling. For
more information or to order, contact Sheryl Renzoni at sheryl.renzoni@wahchang.com
or by phone at 541.926.4211 x6280.
Keep a look out for sizzling buys like
these First in Flight commemoratives as well as niobium jewelry,
photomicrograph ties, and more at WahChang.com’s HotMetalShop,
opening soon!.
.
E V E N T S
SVC
Technical Conference
May
3-8, 2003
San Francisco, California
The Society of Vacuum Coaters 46th Annual Technical Conference
will take place May 3-8, 2003, at the San Francisco Marriott,
San Francisco, California. The focus of this conference is
on New Developments in Vacuum Coating Technologies. The conference
also features a two-day Exhibit with over 200 displays and
a comprehensive Education Program of over 26 courses. Wah
Chang will be among those supporting the event at booth 504.
The Technical Conference of the Society of Vacuum Coaters
is a forum for the interchange of information between those
engaged in the use and development of vacuum coatings for
large- and small-scale applications. The Plenary Address on
Sunday evening, May 4 will be given by Dr. Alton D. Romig,
Jr., Vice President, Sandia National Laboratories, on the
miniature world of microtechnology and nanotechnology.
Presentations will be made in technical sessions, May 5-7,
2003 on the following topics: Optical Coating, Vacuum Web
Coating, Tribological & Wear Coating, Decorative &
Functional Coating, Plasma Processing, Process Control &
Instrumentation, Large Area Coating, and Emerging Technologies.
Visit the SVC Web Site at www.svc.org
to review the Preliminary Program and read the abstracts of
the presentations.
For complete information on the SVC 46th Annual Technical
Conference, contact the Society of Vacuum Coaters, 71 Pinon
Hill Place NE, Albuquerque, NM 87122-1914, USA; visit the
SVC Web Site at www.svc.org;
or send a Fax to 505.856.6716 or an E-mail to svcinfo@svc.org.
PAC2003
May
12-16, 2003
Portland, Oregon
The 2003 Particle Accelerator Conference, the 20th in the
series, will be hosted by the Stanford Linear Accelerator
Center and the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, May
12-16 in Portland, Oregon. According to the PAC2003 Organizing
Committee, the conference will cover new developments in all
aspects of the science, technology, and use of accelerators.
The committee anticipates approximately 1200 attendees and
more than 1000 papers at the event.
Representatives from Wah Chang will be available to answer
questions at Booth 47 in the exhibit hall. Wah Chang is a
major producer of niobium-titanium and other alloys for accelerator
and other energy-related applications.
For more information about the conference, contact the organizers
at 650.926.4931 or by e-mail at PAC03@slac.stanford.edu.
ACHEMA
2003
May
19-24, 2003
Frankfurt, Germany
Allegheny Technologies, a leading producer of corrosion resistant
metals, ranging from specialty steels and nickel base alloys
to titanium and zirconium, will be exhibiting at the upcoming
ACHEMA 2003 International Exhibition in Frankfurt, Germany,
May 19-24. ATI’s Total Corrosion Solutions™ team
of Allegheny Ludlum, Allvac, and Wah Chang will be on hand
to answer customer questions in Hall 3.1, Booths K35-K39.
Show organizer DECHEMA e.V. expects ACHEMA to attract more
than 4000 exhibitors from all continents and over 200,000
visitors from 100 countries. “The 27th ACHEMA will once
again set the standards for the process industries and provide
impulses for the future,” according to DECHEMA e.V.
Topics range from chemical engineering to environmental protection,
biotechnology and more.
Allegheny Technologies’ Total Corrosion Solutions™
team looks forward to a banner event and hopes to see you
in Frankfurt this Spring.
Welding
Classes
July
22-24 & August 5-7, 2003
Albany, Oregon
Are you interested in learning about or currently involved
in welding of reactive and refractory metals? Wah Chang is
once again offering two comprehensive summer courses on titanium,
Ti-Nb, and zirconium welding. The combination classroom/hands-on
events take place July 22-24 and August 5-7 in Albany, Oregon.
The instructors recommend that participants have some prior
welding experience with stainless steels or aluminum alloys.
For more information or to register, contact Sheryl Renzoni,
Seminar Coordinator, at 541.926.4211 x6280 or e-mail sheryl.renzoni@wahchang.com.
Corrosion
Applications Conference 2003
September
7-12, 2003
Coeur d’Alene, Idaho
The
Coeur d’Alene Resort.
Wah Chang’s Specialty Metals in Corrosion Applications
Conference, scheduled for September 7-12, 2003 at the Coeur
d’Alene Resort in Coeur d’Alene, Idaho, is just
around the corner. Speaker slots are filling rapidly, with
only a few openings remaining. A small sampling of the preliminary
technical program includes the following papers:
• Corrosion and the Nickel Laterites – Past, Present,
and Future
• Corrosion Influence of Elastomeric Products on Specific
Metals
• Failure Analysis for Reactive Metals: Methodology
and Case Studies
• Grade 28 Titanium: A Highly Corrosion Resistant Pressure
Vessel Alloy
• Large Titanium Heat Exchangers Design, Manufacture,
and Fabrication
• Tin in Zr 702: Effect in Sulfuric Acid Applications
(see abstract on page 7)
• Insurance Issues for Chemical Plants
• New Developments in CR Stainless and Nickel Alloys
• Pressure Equipment Directive 97/23/EC
• Reactive Metal Fire Prevention in the Petrochemical
Industry
• Risk-Based Inspection and Highly Corrosion Resistant
Alloys
• Routine Chemical Cleaning Operations Are Not
• Tantalum — From Mine to Mill Forms
• The Effect of Heat Treatment on the Corrosion Properties
of Nickelvac®
• Zirconium in Acetic Acid Service
• Zirconium Coriolis Mass Flowmeter for Corrosive Fluids
Participants include Bayer, BP Chemicals, Caldera, Chemical
Engineering magazine, Det Norske Veritas, DuPont, DuPont Dow
Elastomers, Endress + Hauser Flowtec, ExxonMobil, Millennium
Chemicals, Rohm & Haas, Sterling Chemicals, and many others.
The conference will also include an exhibit hall, with vendors
ranging from metals producers to equipment fabricators and
engineering consultants.
For more information, to register, or to reserve an exhibit,
contact Sheryl Renzoni at sheryl.renzoni@wahchang.com
or at 541.926.4211 x6280.
.
LYNN DAVIS
President
PARRY WALBORN
Vice President — Commercial
GARY KNEISEL
Director of Sales
ANDY NICHOLS
Director of Marketing
KIRK RICHARDSON
Editor
Copyright ©2003 Wah Chang. All rights reserved. Reproduction
of this newsletter by any means, in whole or in part, without
written permission is prohibited by law. Outlook
is published quarterly by Wah Chang. The newsletter contains
information on reactive and refractory metals, including hafnium,
niobium, titanium, vanadium and zirconium, as well as chemicals.
The properties listed herein are average values based on laboratory
and field test data from a number of sources. They are indicative
only of the results obtained in such tests and should not
be considered as guaranteed maximums or minimums. The starburst
logo and Wah Chang are registered trademarks of ATI Properties,
Inc.
Information & Order
Contacts
Wah Chang
(headquarters)
P.O Box 460
Albany, Oregon 97321
T 541.926.4211
F 541.967.6990
www.wahchang.com
www.corrosionsolutions.com
Sales/Tech Support
T 541.967.6977
F 541.967.6994
custserv@wahchang.com
CPI Service Center — US
T 541.917.6739
F 541.924.6882
ellen.baumgartner@wahchang.com
Information on Agents/Distributors
CPI Products
T 541.967.6906
Nuclear-Grade Alloys
T 541.967.6914
Ti, V, and Nb Products
T 541.967.6977
Affiliated Companies
Allvac
PO Box 5030
Monroe North Carolina 28111-5030
T 704.289.4511
www.allvac.com
Allegheny Ludlum
500 Six PPG Place
Pittsburgh Pennsylvania 15222
T 800.258.3586
www.alleghenyludlum.com
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